Imbolc, also known as Saint Brigid's Day or Candlemas, is an ancient Gaelic festival that calls forth the arrival of spring from the winter. It is celebrated on February 1st (August 1st in the Southern Hemisphere), halfway between the winter solstice and the spring equinox. Imbolc is a significant holiday in the history of Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. It is one of the four cherished Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with Beltane, Lughnasadh, and Samhain.
It was the time when lambs arrived and sheep's milk was abundant. During this period, sheep thrived on the limited vegetation, outlasting cattle. Farmers eagerly aimed to resume milking quickly as the festival marked the start of the lambing season and preparations for spring sowing. As the blackthorn bloomed, nature whispered the promise of new beginnings.
The Feast of St. Brigid, which later combined with this ancient festival, played a significant role in Ireland's agricultural year. From the 18th century to the mid-20th century, recorded traditions associated with St. Brigid's Day provide insights into how this festive occasion was celebrated in the past.
Imbolc has its roots in ancient pagan beliefs, closely tied to the goddess Brigid. In the past, it was believed that Brigid's blessings would protect the fields and ensure abundant harvests. The festival involved various rituals and customs, such as making Brigid's crosses from straw, which were believed to bring protection and good luck.
Imbolc is still celebrated by diverse communities as a sacred occasion, marking the transition from winter to spring. It's a reminder of the reawakening of life and the importance of honoring ancient traditions that connect us to our roots.
According to historians like Ronald Hutton, the festival's origins predate Christianity, which adds an air of mystery. Imbolc held significant meaning in ancient Ireland, with certain passage tombs aligning with the sunrise during this time. Examples include the impressive Mound of the Hostages on the Hill of Tara and Cairn L at Slieve na Calliagh. However, Frank Prendergast argues that this rare alignment might be a product of chance, leaving room for speculation.
The origin of the name Imbolc, also spelled Imbolg, is uncertain but remains fascinating. One widely accepted explanation is that it comes from the Old Irish phrase "i Imbolc," which means 'in the belly,' referring to the ewes' pregnancy during this time of year. Another theory connects it to the Old Irish verb "folcaim," meaning 'to wash/cleanse oneself,' suggesting a ritual cleansing similar to the ancient Roman festivals Februa or Lupercalia, which coincided with Imbolc. Linguists have also traced it back to a Proto-Indo-European root that signifies both 'milk' and 'cleansing,' as well as a Proto-Celtic term *embibolgon, meaning 'budding,' evoking images of nature's awakening.
In the early 10th century, Cormac's Glossary referred to this holiday as Oímelc. It marks the start of spring and is linked to oí-melg ('ewe milk'), signifying the time when sheep's milk becomes accessible. However, it is believed that the word was respelled in this glossary for clarity rather than accuracy.
The Táin Bó Cúailnge, also known as the 'Cattle Raid of Cooley,' mentions Imbolc, which occurs three months after the festival of Samhain on November 1st. This reference adds to the mysterious nature of this celebration. Another Old Irish poem in the Metrical Dindshenchas speaks of Imbolc, stating that "after Candlemas, rough was their herding" (translated by Edward Gwynn). Candlemas is a Christian holy day celebrated on February 2nd, known in Irish as Lá Fhéile Muire na gCoinneal, meaning 'feast day of Mary of the Candles.'
The festival of Imbolc, which celebrates the start of lambing, is thought to be connected to Brigid as a fertility goddess. Hutton suggests that this association may have already existed, and it continued by making it the saint's feast day. Saint Brigid was was associated directly with Imbolc's association with milk, as a legend tells of her being the wet nurse of Christ.
The Mystery of Saint Brigit
With the rise of Christianity, Imbolc went through changes and became associated with the veneration of Saint Brigid, who embodied the qualities of the ancient goddess. St. Brigid's Day customs include parading a doll or puppet of Brigid, representing her benevolent presence and blessings. It was also common to leave offerings of food and clothing as a sign of reverence. The ancient festival of Imbolc eventually became dedicated to Brigid, the beloved Mother Saint of Ireland. In the 7th century, Cogitosus mentioned the feast day observance of Saint Brigid on February 1st in Kildare. This remarkable woman supposedly lived in the 6th century and founded the renowned monastery of Kildare, captivating many hearts. Historical facts about her are limited, and her early hagiographies are filled with enchanting anecdotes and miraculous tales rooted in Irish pagan folklore.
Some suggest that Saint Brigid may have originated from the goddess Brigid herself. Both represent wisdom, poetry, healing, protection, hearth, fire, blacksmithing, and a strong bond with domesticated animals. Scholars and historians debate the true identity of Saint Brigid, unsure if she was a real person or a Christianized version of the Celtic goddess. It is speculated that it was early Christian monks who incorporated elements of the mother goddess into the tale of Saint Brigid, bridging Celtic beliefs and the emerging Christian faith.
Although the true identity of Saint Brigid remains elusive, her story holds immense significance in understanding the power of mythology and religion throughout history. St. Brigid's impact is evident in various accounts, hymns, and renowned works like "Brigit Bé Bithmaith" and "Broccán's hymn." Lives of St. Brigid were written in Old Irish and Hiberno-Latin prose, underscoring her cultural importance. Vita III, attributed to St. Coelan or St. Donatus, offers further insight into her extraordinary journey. Even Colman dedicated a Latin poem to St. Brigid, highlighting her enduring influence. However, the precise dates related to St. Brigid continue to be debated among scholars and historians.
Ancient Customs for Celebrating Imbolc
On St. Brigid's Day in Ireland, a magical tradition unfolds with the creation of Brigid's crosses. These crosses, made from rushes, take the form of equilateral crosses, some with three arms. They are placed over doors, windows, and stables to protect against fire, lightning, illness, and malevolent spirits, while also inviting Brigid's presence. These sacred symbols remain until the next St. Brigid's Day.
On the night before St. Brigid's Day, a magical time was believed to occur. It was said that Brigid herself would visit virtuous households, bringing blessings to the inhabitants. As a symbol of the transition from winter to spring, people would leave clothing or cloth strips outside, eagerly awaiting her touch. The next morning, these items would be brought inside, believed to hold mystical healing and protective powers.
In certain regions, a family member would represent Brigid by encircling the home three times with rushes, gently knocking on the door to seek entry. On the third attempt, they would be warmly welcomed inside. A meal would be shared, and the rushes would be woven into crosses or baskets. Similar customs were observed in various areas, where Brigid was invited into homes with bundles of rushes or by calling out her name. The rushes would then be respectfully placed on the floor, creating a beautiful carpet or a cozy dwelling for Brigid.
To honor Brigid, it was customary to invite her symbolically into the house. In some regions, a family member representing Brigid would circle the home three times with rushes, knocking on the door and asking to be let in. On the third attempt, they would be welcomed in, share a meal, and the rushes would be used to create crosses or a bed for Brigid.
In other areas, such as Mann and County Donegal, the family member sent to fetch the rushes would kneel on the front step and repeat three times, "Go on your knees, open your eyes, and let in St Brigid." Those inside would answer, "She's welcome." The rushes would then be scattered on the floor as a carpet or bed for Brigid.
A similar custom was observed in the Hebrides of Scotland, where a bed of hay or a basket-like cradle would be made for Brigid. Someone would call out three times, "Bríd Bríd, come in; thy bed is ready." A corn dolly, known as the dealbh Bríde, would be placed in the bed along with a white wand, representing the wand Brigid was believed to use to make vegetation grow again. In some parts of the Hebrides, women would dance while holding a large cloth and calling out, "Bríd, Bríd, come over and make your bed."
In the Outer Hebrides, people would rake the ashes from the fire smooth and look for a mark on the ashes in the morning as a sign of Brigid's visit. If there was no mark, it was believed that bad fortune would come unless they buried a cockerel at the meeting of three streams as an offering and burned incense on their fire that night.
Imbolc and Weather Predictions
The festival of Imbolc holds ancient traditions and intriguing folklore. Weather predictions were said to be tied to the emergence of serpents and badgers from their winter dens, possibly influencing North American Groundhog Day. A Scottish Gaelic proverb paints a vivid picture of this special day:
"The serpent will come from the hole
On the brown Day of Bríde,
Though there should be three feet of snow
On the flat surface of the ground."
Imbolc was believed to be when the Cailleach, the divine hag of Gaelic tradition, gathered firewood for the remaining winter. Legend has it that if she desired a prolonged winter, she would ensure Imbolc had bright and sunny weather, allowing her to gather an abundance of firewood. Consequently, people found solace in bad weather during Imbolc, which meant the Cailleach was slumbering and winter's end was near. On the Isle of Man, she is known as Caillagh ny Groamagh, as a colossal bird carrying sticks in her beak. Such captivating tales surround this enchanting festival.
Celebrating Imbolc Today
In Neopaganism, Imbolc or Imbolc-based festivals are observed, with variations in practices. Some celebrate it at the midpoint between winter solstice and spring equinox, while others consider the full moon closest to this point. Some Neopagans determine Imbolc based on natural events like the emergence of primroses or dandelions.
Celtic Reconstructionists aim to revive ancient Celtic religion through research and historical accounts. They typically celebrate the festival when the first signs of spring appear or during the nearest full moon. Many incorporate traditional songs and rites from sources such as The Silver Bough and The Carmina Gadelica. It is a time dedicated to honoring the goddess Brigid, and her followers often choose this time of year for rituals dedicated to her.
In Wicca and Neo-Druidry, Imbolc holds its place as one of the eight Sabbats in the Wheel of the Year, gracefully following Midwinter and leading up to Ostara. For many witches, Imbolc marks a time for initiations and profound spiritual journeys.
To celebrate Imbolc, many modern-day pagans often focus on honoring Brigid. This is done by creating an altar adorned with symbols associated with Brigid, such as a corn husk doll, white flowers, a bowl of milk, and candles. During group gatherings, a circle may be cast, and a prayer recited to seek Brigid's blessings.
Others direct their rituals towards the changing seasons. Some engage in house cleaning rituals as a way to prepare for spring, while some families gather near a pile of snow, armed with musical instruments, and chant to bid farewell to winter. A chant that exemplifies this sentiment goes as follows:
"Now we banish winter Now we welcome spring Say farewell what is gone And greet each living thing!"
A Personal Imbolc Candle Ceremony
Create a sacred space:
Find a serene spot where you can immerse yourself without any distractions. Set up a small altar with a single white candle.
Take deep breaths, allowing your mind to find tranquility. Envision roots extending from your feet, grounding you to the nurturing embrace of the earth.
Reflect on your intention:
Look at your aspirations and desires. Visualize the area of your life you wish to transform and improve in the six weeks leading up to the Spring equinox. This is a personal dedication to yourself. Condense your commitment into a single word or symbol that resonates with your intention.
Carve your word or symbol into the candle:
With a small knife or nail, etch your chosen word or symbol onto the candle. As you carve, envision yourself embodying the qualities of the person who has already achieved or manifested your intention. Feel the energy flowing between you and the candle, symbolizing your impending success.
Anoint your candle with some sacred oil:
Take some sacred oil on your index finger and draw it across the surface of the candle, from the center up to the wick, and then the center down to the base.
Ignite the candle:
As the flame dances to life, focus on your intention and wholeheartedly dedicate yourself to it. Allow the candle to burn, releasing your intention to the Goddess with unwavering trust and surrender to the renewal process.
Conclude the ritual:
Safely extinguish the candle when you feel ready. Ground yourself again, relishing the profound connection between your being and the earth.
Reaffirm your intention: In the following nights, relight the candle and gaze into the flame, reaffirming your unwavering dedication to your intention. Witness the candle
burn down completely, disposing of any residual wax.
The flame is a potent symbol of Imbolc, heralding the return of light and warmth after the months of darkness. This ritual ignites the spark of new life and beckons the energy of the fire goddess. Embrace this enchanting practice to summon the energy of renewal and transformation during this sacred time of year.
Further Reading:
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"Wheel of the Year: Living the Magical Life" by Pauline Campanelli – Journey through the cycle of the seasons with a fascinating blend of history, folklore, and practical magic, casting a gaze into the heart of Imbolc.
"Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain" by Ronald Hutton - The rich history of seasonal celebrations in Britain, including the origins and evolution of Imbolc.
"Pagan Portals - Brigid: Meeting The Celtic Goddess Of Poetry, Forge, And Healing Well" by Morgan Daimler – A tapestry woven from threads of myth, guided by the hand of the goddess Brigid herself, unraveling her stories and significance.
"The Old Ways: A Journey on Foot" by Robert Macfarlane – Not solely about Imbolc but a contemplative walk through the ancient paths that invite the spirit of this pivotal transition and awakening.
"Candlemas: Feast of Flames" by Amber K and Azrael Arynn K – Like the flicker of a candle flame, this book illuminates the crossroads of history and modern celebration, echoing the whisper of the Goddess's return to the waking world.
"Brigid: History, Mystery, and Magick of the Celtic Goddess" by Courtney Weber – Delve deep into the life-giving waters of Brigid's wisdom, unearthing her traditions, her nurturing warmth, and her craft, leading the curious soul towards the flames of inspiration.
"Celebrating the Seasons of Life: Samhain to Ostara" by Ashleen O'Gaea – Embrace the wheel as it turns, from the cold embers of Samhain to the blossoming energy of Ostara, through which the essence of Imbolc is vividly captured and cherished.
"Llewellyn's Sabbat Essentials BOX SET" - Explore the sabbats' sacred sabbats and rituals, filled with meditations, recipes, and crafts to honor the season. Celebrate Imbolc in a meaningful way with this essential guide.
This is a great article and covers the many beliefs of Brigid. I resonate with Brigid a lot. Thanks for writing this!
Thank you so much! I'm planning on doing some house and yard cleaning tomorrow and sweeping out the old to bring in the new. I'll be doing a candle ceremony and write in my Grimoire as well.
Perfect timing! :) I am looking forward to doing a candle ceremony for myself tomorrow! I might also take the opportunity to clear some stuff out of the house while I'm at it! Thank you so much for sharing all your wonderful knowledge especially the rituals. I really appreciate it!