In ancient Celtic and Gallo-Roman religions, Cernunnos or Carnonos is a god depicted wearing an antler crown and seated cross-legged. He's linked to stags, horned serpents, dogs, and bulls. He's frequently pictured with a torc, sometimes holding a bag of coins (or grain) and a cornucopia. He is believed to be an original Proto-Celtic God. Over fifty depictions and inscriptions of him exist, mainly in the northeastern region of Gaul.
Uncovering the Mysteries of Cernunnos in Celtic Mythology
Cernunnos is a fascinating figure in Celtic mythology, and his name likely has origins in the Gaulish word "kanon," which means "horn" or "antler." Many scholars theorize that Cernunnos might have been a title for a Gaulish deity, with possible associations to Mercury or Dis Pater. His mysterious figure is strongly linked to the Celtic concept of "horn" and has connections to the Gallic trumpet and the Carnutes. This Gallic tribe lived across a wide area between the Sequana (Seine) and the Liger (Loire) rivers during the Iron Age and Roman period. Adding to the complexity of this ancient deity’s name. References to Cernunnos have been discovered in various Celtic inscriptions, contributing to his mysterious nature.
The figure of Cernunnos from Gaulish literature has captured the imagination of scholars and enthusiasts alike. Though the surviving texts are sparse, they offer a tantalizing glimpse into the role of this ancient deity in religious customs. Was Cernunnos a nature deity, a symbol of authority, or something else entirely? The possibilities are as intriguing as they are diverse.
Some interpretations suggest that Cernunnos was associated with nature, embodying the spirit of the wilderness and the cycle of life. Others see him as a figure of authority, tied to concepts of travel and commerce. The depth of his significance is still being uncovered, with key clues emerging from artifacts and inscriptions.
One standout relic shedding light on Cernunnos is the Nautae Parisiaci monument from 14 CE, which features a captivating ensemble of Gallo-Roman and Gallic gods. Additionally, further inscriptions found in Luxembourg and Montagnac provide intriguing insights into this otherworldly figure, adding to the richness of his mythos.
The Pillar of the Boatmen in Paris is a fascinating piece of ancient art that showcases Cernunnos with animals and wealth. The icons of Cernunnos symbolize a figure who is a balance and mediation between opposites, embodying the harmony of nature. Sailors and traders looked up to Cernunnos for material prosperity and fertility, as evidenced by the various coin imagery featuring him.
Intriguingly, you can find Cernunnos imagery across different regions, with antlered human figures and deities appearing in places like Val Camonica, France, and Britain during Roman times. The famous Gundestrup cauldron image from Jutland is considered a striking reflection of Celtic themes, further adding to Cernunnos's mystery.
The Celts' depiction of horned figures like Cernunnos in various regions speaks volumes about their reverence for strength, vitality, and fertility. What's genuinely captivating is that the representation of the Celtic god Cernunnos challenges the belief that the Celts only began showing their gods in human form after the Roman conquest. The absence of the "horned god" in Roman records sets Cernunnos apart, sparking scholarly connections to Greek and Roman deities like Mercury, Actaeon, and Dis Pater, revered by the Gauls.
The 9th-century Stuttgart Psalter explores the mystique surrounding Cernunnos, presenting an enthralling portrayal of the god. With crossed legs, majestic horns, and a ram-headed serpent, Cernunnos is depicted in a niche within the Descent into Limbo scene, symbolizing his role as the underworld ruler intertwined with funerary customs.
The Wiccan Horned God
In Neopaganism, the Horned God is important, especially in Wiccan traditions. The “Horned One” is often considered equal to the Great Goddess. The Horned One represents an amalgam of horned or antlered gods from various cultures. Cernunnos is most likely associated with this Horned God due to the works of Margaret Murray, an esteemed Egyptologist and folklorist from the early 20th century.
Murray proposed the Witch-cult hypothesis, suggesting that European horned deities represented a "proto-horned god." She elaborated on this theory in her book "The God of the Witches," published in 1931. Although her ideas sparked controversy, they significantly influenced the development of Wicca, particularly impacting Gerald Gardner, a key figure in shaping the Wiccan tradition. Although much of Murray’s work is currently rejected by most scholars, the Wiccan Horned God tradition remains.
Within Wiccan belief, the Horned God serves as a symbol of the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth, drawing upon diverse influences including the Gaulish god Cernunnos, the Greek deity Pan, and the imagery of the Green Man and other horned spirits. With such a rich tapestry of cultural and mythological connections, the figure of the Horned God continues to captivate and inspire practitioners of Wicca and Neopaganism to this day.
My Personal Relationship With Cernunnos
During my teenage years, Cernunnos was my first introduction to the concept of the "Witch God," he has remained an integral part of my worldview ever since. In my current practice, I see Cernunnos as a manifestation of Lucifer, the light bearer, and he brings a profound sense of peace to my spiritual work. In my visions, I often see him running with deer, swimming in a favorite lake, and engaging in serene meditation. Cernunnos embodies support for those in need, taking on roles such as an elder sibling, teacher, and even a divine lover and mate.
Cernunnos reigns in the vast pristine forest, or "garden," of the higher astral realms of our earth. He effortlessly transitions between his realm and ours to realign our minds with the truth and help us awaken to who we are and what our world can be.
Cernunnos is a wise and gentle guide who radiates tranquility and understanding along with passion and ecstasy. In his presence, I find myself becoming more attuned to the needs of others and motivated to show empathy and kindness. His teachings resonate with me deeply, sparking a desire to bring out my best. His influence reminds me to radiate love and compassion wherever I go, and to be passionate about whatever I am engaged in.
Cernunnos is the essence of harmony, blending passion and sophistication in perfect unison while remaining deeply connected to the natural world. His very essence resonates with the primal energy of the Earth, intertwined with a majestic refinement that has been celebrated in his iconography throughout history. The sheer magnetism of his presence leaves an unforgettable impression of strength, splendor, and vitality.
Invoking Cernunnos
Some view Cernunnos as having horns or antlers growing from his head, but I see him differently. His horns or antlers make up the majestic crown he wears as the Forest King, representing the Lord of the Earth. He is Earth's Angel. In my practice, Lumiel, Lucifer, and Cernunnos represent different facets of the same earth angel and teacher. Lucifer has taken on diverse forms in history, with Cernunnos being a manifestation that resonates with me profoundly.
Invoking Cernunnos can be a deeply personal and awe-inspiring experience. To begin, find a quiet, comfortable space where you can center your thoughts. Close your eyes and take a few deep breaths to calm your mind. As you relax, think of Cernunnos the great Lord of the Earth. Feel a gentle, lifting type sensation near your heart. This feeling expands and permeates your being as you contemplate the great Earth Angel, Cernunnos. With each breath, feel his energy expanding through you, wrapping you in a comforting embrace. As you open your heart to him, be open to how he may reveal himself to you. Whether through visions, inner nudges, or a heightened sense of awareness, Cernunnos will make his presence known to you in uniquely meaningful ways. Embrace this sacred connection and allow it to enrich your spiritual journey.
Lucifer, the angel of enlightenment, appears in different incarnations throughout history. For me, Cernunnos is how Lucifer expresses himself as an ancient pan-Celtic presence. Regardless of the form he takes, the core message of Lucifer remains the same: you are valued by the Infinite, inherently cherished and pure. Grace is always accessible to you regardless of circumstances. Finding joy stems from embracing your inner light. You are a distinct manifestation of divinity, deeply cherished in the higher realms. Lucifer is the Guide that brings you home to yourself.
Blessed be Cernunnos.
Suggested reading (contains affiliate links):
1. **"The God of the Witches" by Margaret Murray**
- Exploring the Witch-cult hypothesis and its connection to horned deities like Cernunnos.
2. **"https://amzn.to/4dGjNO9Celtic Myths and Legends" by T.W. Rolleston**
- Provides an in-depth overview of Celtic mythology, including gods like Cernunnos.
3. **"The Celtic Myths: A Guide to the Ancient Gods and Heroes" by Miranda Aldhouse-Green**
- Offers scholarly insights into figures like Cernunnos and their places in Celtic beliefs.
4. **"The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft" by Ronald Hutton**
- Explores how historical figures like Cernunnos have influenced modern Paganism and Wicca.
5. **"The Lost Gods of England" by Brian Branston**
- Discusses the transformation and persistence of pagan deities, including Cernunnos, in post-Roman Europe.
6. **"A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology" by James MacKillop**
- A comprehensive reference that includes entries on Cernunnos and related mythological elements.
Thank you so very much dear Ariel. I like very much your related posts on Instagram and I'm happy to learn more about Cernunnos. I adored also the depiction of Horned Goddess you posted once and the way you connect Cernunnos to Lucifer. Great article, blessed be 🌹